Retraction, Correction, and Expression of Concern Policy

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy, integrity, and reliability of the scholarly record. This policy outlines the procedures for issuing corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern when errors or ethical issues are identified in published articles.

1. Purpose of Post-Publication Actions

Post-publication notices are issued to inform readers of significant issues affecting the validity, interpretation, or ethical standing of published work. Such actions are taken to preserve transparency and uphold academic integrity.

2. Corrections

A correction may be issued when an article contains errors that do not invalidate the overall findings or conclusions of the work. Corrections may address, but are not limited to:

  • Minor factual inaccuracies

  • Errors in author names, affiliations, or acknowledgments

  • Typographical or formatting errors affecting clarity

Corrections are published as a separate notice and are linked to the original article. The original article remains accessible, with a clear reference to the correction.

3. Retractions

A retraction is issued when a published article is found to be fundamentally flawed or ethically compromised. Grounds for retraction may include:

  • Plagiarism or redundant publication

  • Data fabrication or falsification

  • Serious methodological or analytical errors

  • Unethical research practices

  • Undisclosed competing interests that compromise the integrity of the work

Retracted articles remain available in the journal archive for the purpose of maintaining the scholarly record but are clearly identified as retracted.

4. Expression of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when there is inconclusive evidence of misconduct or when an investigation is ongoing, but substantial concerns exist regarding the reliability or ethical compliance of a published article.

The expression of concern serves to alert readers while further review or investigation is conducted.

5. Initiation and Investigation

Concerns may be raised by authors, readers, reviewers, editors, or institutions. All allegations are handled confidentially and investigated by the editorial office in accordance with established editorial procedures. Authors are given an opportunity to respond during the investigation.

6. Editorial Decision-Making

Decisions regarding corrections, retractions, or expressions of concern are made by the Editor-in-Chief in consultation with the editorial board, where appropriate. Decisions are based on objective assessment of evidence and ethical considerations.

7. Transparency and Communication

All post-publication notices are clearly labeled, dated, and linked to the affected article. Notices explain the reason for the action in a factual and non-defamatory manner.

8. Institutional Notification

Where appropriate, the journal may notify the author’s affiliated institution or relevant authorities of confirmed cases of serious ethical misconduct.

Statement of Commitment

The journal affirms its commitment to preserving the integrity of the scholarly record through responsible post-publication practices, transparency, and adherence to ethical publishing standards.